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The Jewish presence in Russia dates back to the 7th century, and a converted Jewish Khazar kingdom sprang up a hundred years later. By the formation of the Soviet Union, there were some 2.5 million Soviet Jews, mostly Ashkenazi. After its collapse, many emigrated to Israel, USA and Germany, though Russia still has one of the larger Jewish populations in the world. The following is a list of some prominent Russian Jews.

Politics: Mikhail Fradkov, Prime Minister (Jewish father), Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, Lev Kamenev & Grigory Zinoviev, ruling triumvirate with Stalin, Sergei Kiriyenko, Prime Minister (Jewish father), Vladimir Lenin, Soviet Revolutionary and leader (unconfirmed Jewish maternal grandfather), Maxim Litvinov, Soviet ambassador, Alexandr Livshits, Finance Minister Deputy Prime Minister, Julius Martov, Menshevik leader, Boris Nemtsov, Deputy Prime Minister (Jewish mother), Yevgeny Primakov, Prime Minister , Peter Shafirov, Imperial Russian politician, Aleksandr Rutskoy, Politician and General (Jewish mother), Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik politician, Chaim Weizmann, Zionist leader & Israeli president, Grigory Yavlinsky, liberal leader (Jewish mother), Vladimir Zhirinovsky, nationalist and anti-semitic politician (Jewish father)

Autors and poets: Isaac Asimov, science fiction writer, Isaac Babel, writer (Ukrainian born), Saul Bellow, writer, Nobel Prize (1976) (Russian parents), Joseph Brodsky, poet, Nobel Prize (1987), Sergei Dovlatov, writer (Jewish father),Ilya Ehrenburg, writer, Alexander Galich, playwright poet, Vasily Grossman, novelist, Lev Kopelev, author & dissident, Osip Mandelstam, poet, Samuil Marshak, poet, Boris Pasternak, writer, Nobel Prize (1958) (Russian Orthodox convert)

Scientists: Mikhail Botvinnik, World Champion, math, Urie Bronfenbrenner, developmental psychologist, Aharon Dolgopolsky, linguist, Mikhail Epstein, literary theorist, Moshe Feldenkrais, inventor of the Feldenkrais method, Alexander Gerschenkron, economic historian, Georges Gurvitch, sociologist, Abraham Harkavy, historian, Roman Jakobson, linguist, Leonid Kantorovich, economist, nobel prize (1975), Mirra Komarovsky, sociologist of gender, Wassily Leontief, economist, nobel prize (1973) (Jewish mother), Yuri Lotman, semiotician, Alexander Luria, neuropsychologist, Abraham Maslow, psychologist, Ayn Rand, philosopher, Anatol Rapoport, game theorist, Lev Vygotsky, developmental psychologist (Belarussian born), Alexei Abrikosov, physicist, nobel prize (2003) (Jewish mother), Zhores Alferov, physicist, nobel prize (2000) (Jewish mother), Grigory Barenblatt, mathematician, Abram Besicovitch, mathematician, Ilya Frank, physicist, nobel prize (1958) (Jewish father), Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, physicist, Israel Gelfand, mathematician, Vitaly Ginzburg, physicist, nobel prize (2003), Mikhail Gromov, mathematician (Jewish mother), Mikhail Gurevich, co-inventor of the MiG, Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, nuclear scientist , Lev Landau, physicist, nobel prize (1962), Solomon Lefschetz, mathematician, Grigory Margulis, mathematician, fields medal (1978), Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, microbiologist, nobel prize (1908) (Jewish mother), Grigori Perelman, mathematician, Ilya Prigogine, chemist, nobel prize (1977), V. A. Rokhlin, mathematician, Moses SchÃ¶nfinkel, logician, Yakov G. Sinai, applied mathematician, Paul Urysohn, mathematician, Selman Waksman, biochemist, nobel prize (1952), Yakov Zeldovich, astrophysicist, Efim Zelmanov, mathemaitican, fields medal (1994)

The Jewish presence in Germany, at over 1600 years old, predates that of Christianity. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the appearance of Yiddish and an overall move eastwards (though Jews never fully abandoned Germany). A change of status in the 17th century, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment â€“ the Haskalah â€“ meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, comprising over 500,000 people, and contributing prominently to German culture and society. The vast majority either left the country or were killed in the Holocaust, and the current German Jewish population consists primarily of immigrants from the former Soviet Union. The following is a list of some prominent German Jews or Germans of Jewish parentage

Scientific figures: Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize (1967) (Jewish mother), Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954), Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921), James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925), Martin Gumpert, physicist, writer, William & Caroline Herschel, astronomers (father 'of Jewish descent'), Heinrich Hertz, electromagnetic radiation (Jewish parents), Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics, Fritz London, quantum mechanics, Leonard Mandel, quantum optics, Albert Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907), Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory, Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize (1978), Ernst Pringsheim , Karl Schwarzschild, physicist & astronomer, Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988), Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943), Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize (1905) (Jewish mother),Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist, Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist, Arthur EichengrÃ¼n, possible inventor of aspirin, Adolph Frank, industrial chemist, Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist, Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize (1918), Heinrich Meibom, Viktor Meyer, organic chemist , Leonor Michaelis, biochemist, Ludwig Mond, chemist & industrialist, John Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (1986) (Jewish father), Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist, Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize (1910), Richard WillstÃ¤tter, chemist, Nobel Prize (1915), Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1964), Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize (1945), Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology, Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908), Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist, Ernst GrÃ¤fenberg, obstetrician, the G-Spot , Joseph Jadassohn, Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970), Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins, Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953), Jacques Loeb, physiologist, Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936), Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953), Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922), Oskar Minkowski, physiologist, Nathanael Pringsheim, Albert Schatz, biochemist, streptomycin , Otto Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father), Felix Bernstein, set theory, Richard Brauer, modular representation theory, Georg Cantor, set theory (Jewish father), Moritz Cantor, historian of mathematics, Richard Courant, mathematical analysis & applied mathematics, Max Dehn, topology, Adolf Fraenkel, set theory, Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology, Alexander Grothendieck, algebraic geometry, Fields Medal (1966) (Jewish father), Felix Hausdorff, topology, Heinz Hopf, topology (Jewish father), Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician, Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis, Leopold Kronecker, number theory, Edmund Landau, number theory, Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician, Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers, Emmy Noether, algebra & theoretical physics, Richard Rado, combinatorics, Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis, Klaus Roth, diophantine approximation, Fields Medal (1958), Arthur Moritz SchÃ¶nflies, mathematician, Issai Schur, mathematician, Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra & functional analysis, Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst, Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist, Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist (Jewish mother), Erich Fromm, psychologist & humanistic philosopher, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst, Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist, Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist, Kurt Lewin, social psychologist, Hugo MÃ¼nsterberg, industrial psychologist, Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist (Jewish father), Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist, Fritz Perls, psychotherapist, William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient, Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist, Ernst Bloch, philosopher, Constantin Brunner, philosopher, Ernst Cassirer, philosopher, Hermann Cohen, philosopher,Kurt Grelling, philosopher, Max Horkheimer, philosopher & sociologist , Hans Jonas, philosopher, Leo Loewenthal philosopher ,Salomon Maimon, Fritz Mauthner, author & philosopher , Georg Misch, Leonard Nelson, philosopher , Hans Reichenbach, philosopher (Jewish father),Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy , Max Scheler, philosopher (Jewish mother), Theodor Adorno, sociologist (Jewish father), Hannah Arendt, political theorist, Reinhard Bendix, sociologist, Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism , Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist, Lewis A. Coser, sociologist , Norbert Elias, sociologist, Amitai Etzioni, sociologist, Ernst Fraenkel, political scientist, Peter Gay, history (born Peter Froehlich), Moses Hess, socialist, Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist & film critic, Ludwig Lachmann, economist, Karl Mannheim, sociologist, Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead, Karl Marx, founder of communism (Jewish parents converted to Protestantism before Karl's birth), Oskar Morgenstern, economist, George Mosse, historian, Franz Neumann, legal theorist, Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist & economist, Friedrich Pollock, economist & sociologist, Reinhard Selten, economist, Nobel Prize (1994) (Jewish father), Georg Simmel, sociologist, Hugo Sinzheimer, Saul Friedlaender, historian, Franz Weidenreich, physical anthropologist, Louis Wirth, sociologist,Michael Wolffsohn, historian, Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, Theodor Benfey, linguist, Walter Benjamin, literary critic & philosopher, Basil Bernstein, linguist, Julius FÃ¼rst, orientalist, Theodor GoldstÃ¼cker, Victor Klemperer, linguist & diarist, Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic, Edward Sapir, anthropologist-linguist, Heymann Steinthal, linguist

Levi Strauss, clothing manufacturer

Franz Kafka, novelist, Prague

Politicans: Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968, Klaus Gysi, communist politician (Jewish father), Rudolf Hilferding, finance minister of the Weimar Republic, Henry Kissinger, US Secretary of State, Nobel Prize (1973), Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party, Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party, Rosa Luxemburg, co-founder of the KPD, Hugo Preuss, author of Weimar constitution, Walter Rathenau, foreign minister of the Weimar Republic, Gabriel Riesser, deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg, Jeanette Wolff, West Berlin politician

See also

See also

See also